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Bodies of Armenians killed during the 1915 Armenian Genocide.
Anti-Armenianism (also Anti-Armenism and Anti-Armenian sentiment) is hostility toward or prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian culture and the Republic of Armenia, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized persecution. Several organizations have stated that difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the Turkish governmentArmenian Swiss website. as well as by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves. Such sentiments are also prevalent in Azerbaijan as well because of stem from the loss of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and also for political reasons.
Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lack a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan, although these prejudices usually extend to the widespread Armenian Diaspora. The controversy and emotions surrounding the Armenian Genocide and Nagorno-Karabakh are two examples of intense anti-Armenianism in both countries. These facts do not themselves always imply a direct hate towards Armenians as a nation or ethnic group, as they tend to reflect the various historical and political tensions between these countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, belief in an Armenian conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain, or belief that Armenia is attempting to unfairly annex land from neighboring states.
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The Armenian people have suffered persecution by the Turkish government for over a century. Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the Ottoman Empire, as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438. In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire lead to Sultan Abdül Hamid\'s decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacresHamidian Massacres, Armenian Genocide.. According to Armenian and most Western scholars, during World War I, the Ottoman government massacred up to 1.5 million Armenians in the Armenian GenocideArmenian Genocide Institute.. The position of the current Turkish government is that the Armenians who died were casualties of the expected hardships of war, the casualties cited are exaggerated, and that there was no genocide.
Alparslan Türkeş, a late Turkish politician considered by many to have fascist viewsThe Practice of a Century, said:
Those that have torn down this nation are Greek, Armenian and Jew traitors, and Kurdish, Bosnian and Albanians… How can you, as a Turk, tolerate these dirty minorities. Remove from within the Armenians and Kurds and all Turkish enemies.EPP-ED Group: The Republic of Turkey
In 2004, Belge Films, the film\'s distributor in Turkey pulled the release of Atom Egoyan\'s Ararat, a film about the Armenian Genocide, after receiving threats from the Ülkü Ocakları, an ulta nationalist organization in Turkey that has ties to Grey Wolves of Alparslan Türkeş. "Egoyan award winning film not shown yet in Turkey", Toronto Star. Retrieved on May 6, 2006. Gray Wolves Spoil Turkey\'s Publicity Ploy on Ararat(Turkish) Ülkü Ocaklari: Ararat Yayinlanamaz.(Turkish) Ülkü Ocaklari: ARARAT\'I Cesaretiniz Varsa Yayinlayin !
The Ankara Chamber of Commerce included DVDs, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with their paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine TIME Europe. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/29/AR2005092902240.html In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and Historyhttp://www.financialmirror.com/more_news.php?id=5997 TIME carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian Genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide. http://news.pseka.net/index.php?module=article&id=6444 TIME MAGAZINE: Carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide
Hrant Dink, the editor of the Agos weekly Armenian newspaper, was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, allegedly by Ogün Samast. He was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal, a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist.Harvey, Benjamin (2007-01-24). Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2007-01-24."Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead". BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-01-19. For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian Genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for “insulting Turkishness.”.”By Robert Mahoney (2006-06-15). Bad blood in Turkey (PDF). Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul. International Press Institute (2007-01-22). He had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian Genocide) as an act of treachery.Committee to Protect Journalists (2007-01-19). Turkish-Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul. Retrieved on 2007-01-24. “Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery.”
During the Soviet era, Armenians and Azerbaijanis coexisted peacefully. When the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh broke out, however, this changed radically. There is an opinion that much of the anti-Armenian sentiments among the Azeri people today stem from the loss of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and the Khojaly Massacre (1992) perpetrated by Armenian irregulars against the Azeris during the war. However, it should also be noted that among the events precipitating the conflict were pogroms perpetrated by Azeris against ethnic Armenians in the Azeri towns of Sumgait (1988), Kirovabad (Ganja) (1988) and Baku (1990)Pogroms. and that the Azeris themselves committed atrocities against Armenians during the war, such as the attack on the town of Maraghar (1992).Survivors of the Maraghar Massacre, Christianity Today.
In 2004, Azeri lieutenant Ramil Safarov murdered the Armenian lieutenant Gurgen Markaryan in his sleep at a Partnership for Peace NATO program. Safarov\'s crime resulted in contradictory reactions in his home country: some propagated granting him the status of a national hero, while others expressed severe criticism and condemned Safarov for murder.Murder Case Judgment Reverberates Around Caucasus, War and Peace Reporting..
Starting in 1998, Armenia began accusing Azerbaijan of embarking on a campaign of destroying a cemetery of finely carved Armenian khachkars in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture. On May 30, 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site. Charles Tannock, British Conservative Party foreign affairs spokesman in the European parliament, stated: "This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp. If they have nothing to hide then we should be allowed to inspect the terrain." Hannes Swoboda, an Austrian Socialist MEP and member of the committee barred from examining the site, said he hopes a visit can be arranged in the autumn. He stated that "if they do not allow us to go, we have a clear hint that something bad has happened. If something is hidden we want to ask why. It can only be because some of the allegations are true." He also warned: "One of the major elements of any country that wants to come close to Europe is that the cultural heritage of neighbors is respected."PanArmenian. The seething anti-Armenian sentiment present in much of Azerbaijan, and which likely enabled the khachkar destruction, can perhaps best be sensed in the response that the leader of Azerbaijani national chess team, Teimour Radjabov, gave to a question on how he felt about playing against the Armenian team"..[the] enemy is the enemy. We all hate them".Teymur Rajabov: The enemy is the enemy, we hate Armenians
A 19th century Russian chauvinist, Vasili Lvovich Velichko, who was active during the period when the Russian tzarizm carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy"Albanian Myth" (in Russian) / V.A. Shnirelman, "Voyni pamyati. Mifi, identichnost i politika v Zakavkazye", Moscow, Academkniga, 2003, wrote:
"Armenians are the extreme instance of brachycephaly; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State".Benthall, Jonathan (ed.), The best of Anthropology Today, 2002, Routledge, ISBN 0415262550, p. 350 by Anatoly Khazanov
The Second Chechen War and the associated Chechen terrorism in Russia served as major factors in the grow of intolerance, xenophobia and racist violence in Russia, directed in a great part against the people from Caucasus.The Economist: Russia and Chechnya: The warlord and the spook These include Chechens, Georgians, Azerbaijanis and Armenians. Six Armenians were killed as a result of racially motivated attacks on non-Slavic immigrants in 2006Jamestown.. So far the reaction of the Russian government to these murders has been subdued, often failing to term the incidents hate crimes and declining to strongly condemn them.
In 2007, the Georgian media began running several stories on the March 5th parliamentary elections in Abkhazia, claiming that ethnic Armenians in the area, who make up roughly 20% of the local population, would be controlling the elections. The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected. The paper also reported that the Abkazanian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States.Focus on Faction: Georgian media stirs Abkhazian-Armenian "conflict" Some Armenian groups believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region. The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, which is believed by many Georgians to have been backed by Russia with Armenian assistance, has caused many problems for Georgia, as the Abkhazian separatist resulted in many ethnic Georgians killed and displaced. Reports such as these suggest growing animosity towards Armenians in the country.
While prejudice against ethnic Armenians in the United States is not widespread, two notable cases do exist. In April of 2007, Los Angeles Times\' Managing Editor Douglas Frantz blocked a story on the Armenian Genocide written by Mark Arax, citing the fact Arax was of Armenian descent and therefore had a biased opinion on the subject. Arax, who has published similar articles beforeLA Observed: Armenian genocide dispute erupts at LAT without issue, has lodged a discrimination complaint and threatened a federal lawsuit. Frantz, who did not cite any specific factual errors in the article, is accused of having a bias obtained while being stationed in Istanbul, Turkey. According to Harut Sassounian, an Armenian Community Leader, Frantz has expressed support for denial of the Armenian Genocide and has stated he personally believed that Armenians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, an argument commonly used to justify the killings.. Frantz resigned from the paper not long afterward, possibly due to the mounting requests for his dismissal.Genocide Controversy Leads L.A. Times Managing Editor To Resign Another incident that received less coverage was a series of hate mail campaigns directed at Paul Krekorian, a city council candidate for Californian Democratic Primary, making racist remarks and accusations that the Armenian Community was engaging in voter fraud.Armenian Community Condemns Anti-Armenian Attacks During California Democratic Primary Election
For several months in 1994, Ahmet Coşar going by the alias of Serdar Argic posted thousands of messages, claiming that the Armenian Genocide didn\'t happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey. Samuel Weems published the book Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State in May of 2002. Weems has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide.Weems Interview, Tall Armenian Tale. American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial support of Turkey\'s denial of the Armenian Genocide."A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate", The New York Times, April 17, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-02. Azeri cartoonist Kerim Kerimov Mammadhan has produced around 4500Kerim Kerimov Official Web Page Anti-Armenian cartoons, most of which depict crude caricatures of Armenians. Common themes of his work include portraying Armenians as giant snakes 
, terrorists 
, racists, fascists, and militarists bent on world domination 
. His cartoons are often included with the phrase “Terrorism, narkomania, and armenism are the same disease”. His works also often mocks the Armenian Genocide and its recognition by foreign countries, especially countries in Europe. During her interviews modern Azerbaijani historian Farida Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements. According to her, "it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values".Фарида Мамедова: «Разрушив захоронение «Агадеде», армяне в очередной раз пытаются посягнуть на историю Азербайджана», Day.Az daily, January 06, 2006 (in Russian) Murad Gumen is another individual who espouses anti-Armenian rhetoric in his website "Tall Armenian Tale."
| Discrimination | |
|---|---|
General forms | |
| Ageism · Racism · Religious intolerance · Sexism · Xenophobia | |
Specific forms | |
| Social | Ableism · Adultism · Biphobia · Classism · Elitism · Gerontophobia · Heightism · Heterosexism · Homophobia · Lesbophobia · Lookism · Misandry · Misogyny · Sizeism · Transphobia |
| Against cultures | American · Arab · Armenian · Australian · Canadian · Catalan · Chinese · English · European · French · German · Indian · Iranian · Irish · Italian · Japanese · Jewish · Malay · Mexican · Polish · Portuguese · Quebec · Roma · Romanian · Russian · Scottish · Serb · Spanish · Turkish |
| Against religions | Bahá\'í · Catholicism · Christianity · Hinduism · Judaism · Mormonism · Islam · Protestantism · New religious movements |
Manifestations | |
| Blood libel · Ephebiphobia · Ethnic cleansing · Ethnocide · Gay bashing · Genocide (examples) · Hate crime · Hate speech · Lynching · Paternalism · Pogrom · Race war · Racial profiling · Religious persecution · Slavery · Police brutality | |
Movements | |
| Discriminatory | American Nazi Party · Aryanism · Grey Wolves · Hate groups · Kahanism · Ku Klux Klan · Neo-Nazism · South African National Party · Supremacism |
| Anti-discriminatory | Abolitionism · Autistic rights · Children\'s rights · Civil rights · Disability rights (Inclusion) · Feminism · LGBT rights · Masculism · Men\'sTemplate:\w Fathers\' rights · Women\'sTemplate:\w Universal suffrage · Youth rights · Equalism |
Policies | |
| Discriminatory | Apartheid · Internment · RaceTemplate:\wReligionTemplate:\w Sex segregation · Redlining |
| Anti-discriminatory | Civil rights · Desegregation · Emancipation · Integration · Equal opportunity |
| Counter-discriminatory | Affirmative action · Forced busing · Racial quota · Reparation · Reservation (India) · Employment equity (Canada) |
Law | |
| Discriminatory | Alien and Sedition Acts · Anti-immigration · Anti-miscegenation · Apartheid laws · Black codes · Jim Crow laws · Nuremberg Laws · Ethnocracy |
| Anti-discriminatory | Anti-discrimination acts · Anti-discrimination law · 14th Amendment · Crime of apartheid |
Other forms | |
| Androcentrism · Adultcentrism · Colorism · Cronyism · Economic · Ethnocentrism · Gynocentrism · Linguicism · Nepotism · Triumphalism | |
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